(my) truths about addiction

Hello, beautiful friends.  It's been ages since my last post.  In February and March, I battled my way through Anatomy and Physiology and had an amazing time exploring the beaches in Thailand and the jungle in Northern Sumatra.  I've recently started a new course at school which I'm really excited about called "Psychology of Disease", which is the study of energy centers in our bodies (chakras) and how they affect disease.  It's definitely my jam : )
We were asked to write a paper on our own personal 'confirmed addictions'.  This really got me thinking about my definition of addiction.  Vulnerability warning: I'm letting it all hang out in this post.
Okay, deep breath.  Here goes.
‘Addiction’ is defined in the Merriam-Webster dictionary as “a strong and harmful need to regularly have something (such as a drug) or do something (such as gamble).”  The secondary definition is "an unusually great interest in something or a need to do or have something.”  What is my definition of addiction?  Personally, the secondary definition from the dictionary resonates with me more than the primary.  Society tends to label addicts as those who have an extreme or severe problem with abusing alcohol or drugs, food, shopping, or gambling.  We (subjectively) measure the severity of the problem based on the frequency and how we perceive its effect on the person’s life.  For example, we tend to place the label of ‘addict’ on those who are debilitated by their behaviour: the crack-using prostitute on Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside, the alcoholic husband who beats his wife, the gambling wife who has put her family in thousands of dollars of debt.  But what about the individual’s intent behind the repeated behaviour?  Is it a form of self-medication in order to cope with trauma, fear, sadness, anger, anxiety?  And, if it isn’t a form of self-medication, is it still an addiction?  What about the thirty-something female who goes to work every day and doesn’t touch drugs or alcohol, and who also repeatedly exercises without ever giving her body a rest because she believes she is fat?  Or the teenage girl who is the star on her high school’s volleyball team who is also consumed with imitating the behaviour and appearance of a pop culture icon because she believes that that is the only way that boys will be interested in her?  Or the twenty-something male who gets straight A’s in university and regularly binge drinks on the weekend because he believes it’s the only way his peers will accept him.  Couldn’t we argue that even though these individuals are participating in their lives in a way that society deems acceptable, these behaviours are still debilitating for them?  If we really look within, isn’t it possible that we are all addicted to something, and that that addiction could be preventing us from accepting ourselves exactly as we are, and discovering and living the lives we truly want?   Just imagine if society softened its judgment of self and others, and opened up to this idea.  So, my definition of addiction lies in the answer to this question: Is my repeated behaviour, or an unusually great interest in something, or a need to regularly do or have something an attempt to cover up or numb a part of myself that I have not yet accepted and/or made peace with?
I am going to talk about two of my own addictions: perfectionism and productivity, how they show up in my life, how they serve or don’t serve me, and some strategies to enhance my wellbeing and soften my addiction.
Perfection

I would not classify myself as someone who has ever been obsessed with being perfect.  However, I would say that I have strived for certain ideals that could be classified as slightly imbalanced.  Truthfully, I don’t enjoy engaging in activities that I don’t already know I am great at.  I want to be the best at everything I do and every role I play: the best student, the best paralegal, the best friend, the best daughter, the best sister.  It manifested as anxiety in my late teens and early 20’s, and the word “should” was a famous player in my vocabulary.  And when I make a mistake?  Yikes.  I am definitely not always very kind or gentle with myself.  I have very high expectations of myself, which also means I have very high expectations of others; and, this means I’ve spent a lot of time being disappointed. 

I believe that my addiction to perfectionism has also served me.  I consider myself a highly motivated person who always wants to do her best.  I set the bar high, and I have achieved many of the goals I have set in my life.  Perfectionism has made me accountable to myself, and to others.  I know that the people in my life can count on me to show up and to do a good job.  I have always maintained good grades in school, and I take great pride in handing in high quality work.  In my career as a paralegal, I am organized, work efficiently, and have a strong attention for detail and consistency. 

My desire for perfection was born in the shadow of my ego.  I have used perfectionism as a way to over compensate for the beliefs I’ve held about myself at different times in my life that I am not worthy of love and acceptance of others, unless I am flawless.  I can remember times in my life where I felt devastated if I received any sort of negative feedback either at school or at work.  Rather than seeing it as an opportunity for growth and improvement, I saw myself as a complete failure.  Now I realize that there is always room to improve, as long as that desire to improve myself doesn’t lead to unrealistic ideals.  I am mindful of keeping this balance, and gently remind myself often that perfection is not a realistic standard to achieve.

The following three strategies are some which I am either already using, or can use, to balance and soften my addiction and create realistic standards for myself, and others:

1.  Teach someone something that I am very good at that perhaps they are not as strong at, and observe my patience with that person.  Journal about my experience to gain perspective on how I might cultivate that patience and gentleness for myself; 
2.  Practice metta (loving-kindness) meditation using the Buddhist tonglen technique to cultivate loving-kindness towards myself, my loved ones, strangers, and enemies.  Using the tonglen technique, I breathe in (receiving) the suffering of myself and others, and breathe out (sending) happiness for myself and others; and
3.  In times where I am being unkind to myself or beating myself up for not meeting an impossibly high standard, repeat the affirmation: “I am enough”.

Productivity

“Being busy is my antidepressant”.  I remember telling my best friend this, about eight years ago.  Always a full social calendar, a full-time job, a part-time job, part-time school, training for half-marathons, performing in musical theatre productions, and never-ending goals and to-do lists.  Just typing this out makes me dizzy.  I’m happy to say that over the past few years, I’ve been working really hard on slowing down.  In the past, I’ve definitely been addicted to using productivity as a distraction from looking at and dealing with things I was unhappy with in my life. 

While I’ve largely begun to change my relationship with productivity, it still shows up in my life.  I’ve been known to pull out my phone while waiting in line or for an appointment, treating it as an opportunity to respond to an email or text message, instead of noticing what’s going on around me or reading a magazine or a book.  I’ve also been known on a Sunday night to schedule out my work, play and exercise regime for the week, and create monster to-do lists.  I will often look at a day off as an opportunity to run from here to there and accomplish as much as possible in a small amount of time.  I catch myself engaging in one conversation and listening to another going on around me at the same time.

Productivity has definitely served me in a positive way in my life.  As the saying goes, “If you want something done, give it to a busy person.”  Working full time and going to school part time means I have to manage my time and make the most of it.  My career is very deadline oriented which means prioritizing competing tasks in order to complete things on time.  In short, productivity has helped me accomplish a lot.

Where productivity hasn’t served me is when I am constantly expending my energy outward, rather than keeping it for myself, and I end up putting others’ needs before my own.  Productivity prevents me from saying “no” and often results in feeling over extended and burnt out.  It makes me feel angry and grumpy.  Productivity has also distracted me from uncovering my true life’s purpose.

The following three strategies are some which I am either already using, or can use, to balance and soften my addiction and keep my energy inward:

1.  Carve out time for myself each week, either during the week or on the weekend, to do nothing but what I absolutely want to do, versus what I could or should be doing.  This can include booking a lunch break for myself a few times a week and/or turning off technology and anything else that may tempt my energy outward, or treating myself to an hour with a good book instead of cleaning the bathroom : ) 

2.  Practice saying “no” to perceived or real obligations and choose to spend time and energy on my myself; and

3.  When unexpected free time presents itself, take the opportunity to choose an activity that does not require doing something for others or expending my energy externally.  For example, carry a book in my purse to pull out while I’m waiting for an appointment, rather than responding to emails and text messages on my phone. 

In conclusion, the definition of addiction can be viewed in a very broad sense.  We all engage in behaviours that don’t serve us and that may be preventing us from living the lives we are truly meant to live.  And, before attaching a negative stigma and beating ourselves up over it, we can consider whether balancing or softening the behaviour can serve us.  Maybe we create new patterns of behavior that enable us to recover from our alcohol addiction in order to help others around us who are struggling with the same demons.  Or maybe we being to practice self-acceptance in order to overcome our eating disorder to help others who are suffering in their relationships with food. 

In considering what our own addictions are, we can look at the behaviours and patterns that we find ourselves regularly engaging in, and look at our intentions behind them.  If we stop ourselves before we engage in the familiar pattern, and ask ourselves what we are feeling: are we angry, afraid, anxious, sad?  What is the outcome we are hoping for?  Are we trying to distract from something, or cover up a negative belief we have about ourselves?  If we are willing to look at the answers to those questions, we can begin to untie ourselves from the knot that is keeping us entrenched in a behavior that is no longer serving us.  We can also begin to observe with compassion those around us who may be suffering with addictions of their own.  As we begin to loosen the grip and “get out of the way” of ourselves, we can recreate patterns to help us to live the life we are truly meant to live. 

After all, we are all divine, unique, sweet souls having a human experience.

The universe needs you, to be YOU,

xo


food for (our) thought(s)

The darker winter months and shorter days can bring along some doom and gloom.  I've recently written a paper analyzing two different diets, the Specific Carbohydrate Diet ("SCD") and veganism, in terms of how each diet may prevent or contribute to depression.  I had a lot of fun with this paper and learned a ton.  Warning: it's pretty much a copy and paste of my paper, so it is lengthy!  But I promise it has some awesome information. Buckle in...


Many of us don’t realize that what we eat can greatly affect our mood, and that we can help prevent depression with our diet.  Studies have shown that single sugar carbohydrates, Omega 3 fatty acids, vitamins B-12, B-6 and folate, and vitamin D may help to prevent depression and potentially assist the body’s response to antidepressant medication, while sugar and refined carbohydrates may contribute to depression.

Depression: causes and effects and how our diets might be contributing

According to the Canadian Mental Health Association (“CMHA”), approximately eight percent of adults will experience major depression at some time in their lives, caused by various factors including genetics, biology, personality, and environment.  The CMHA describes depression as “experiencing feelings of severe despair over an extended period of time”.  An individual experiencing depression is likely to suffer both short-term and long-term effects in their emotional and physical lives, as well as in their relationships and work.  Common symptoms are loss of interest and lack of pleasure in activities that were once pleasurable, social withdrawal, ongoing feelings of sadness and hopelessness, changes in appetite and unexplained changes in weight, lack of energy, decreased focus and concentration and complaints of unexplained physical illness.  The brain is the main organ affected by depression; however, some evidence shows a relationship between depression and an increase in heart disease and other cardiac problems.

The mainstream treatments of depression (depending on the severity) can include medication, cognitive behavioural psychotherapy, psychiatry and/or counseling.  However, there are some in the medical field who believe that we can treat depression by treating our gut and bowel.  For example, Dr. BernardJensen has long believed that the health of the mind is directly related to the health of our bowels.  He believes an unhealthy diet and overuse of prescription medications has led to bowel toxicity, which he links directly to numerous health disorders, including depression.  An online article by Dr.Mercola published in 2011 refers to the gut as the “second brain” and suggests that gastrointestinal inflammation due to unhealthy microflora in the intestine plays a role in the development of depression.  Similarly, a more recent article from the American Scientific Mind published online in October 2013 discusses how gut bacteria may exacerbate depression when intestine walls are compromised, allowing toxic substances to flow into the bloodstream. 

Others are of the opinion that there are specific foods we can eat that provide essential nutrients which may assist in preventing depression.  In that light, it makes sense that the changes in the qualities of our diet over time may be contributing to the health of our minds.  A study published in 2006 by the United Kingdom’s Mental Health Foundation called “Feeding Minds” suggests the increase in consumption of sugars, and saturated and trans fats, as well as foods containing pesticides and additives, can prevent the brain from functioning properly.  There are also some who argue that vitamin deficiencies are linked to depression, and that the addition of vitamins B-6, B12 and folate, vitamin D and Omega 3 fatty acids may help prevent depression, as well as assist the body in its response to antidepressant medication.  An online article put out by The Mayo Clinic in 2011 suggests that low levels of vitamins B-12 (as well as B6 and folate) may be linked to depression.  A study in The American Journal of Psychiatry published in 2012 found that patients with depressive disorders responded better to antidepressant medication with the addition of folate.  A possible explanation for this is that folate is essential to the brain for making compounds and neurotransmitters to carry messages.  The American Journal ofPsychiatry published research in 2011 that found that depression improved when individuals were given Omega 3 fatty acids, which specifically help to build the mood regulating neurotransmitter, serotonin.  Finally, a large study by researchers at the Universityof Texas Southwestern Medical Center found that low levels of vitamin D have also been linked to depression. 

Based on these studies, it seems beneficial to consume foods that are good sources of vitamins B-12 and D, folate, and Omega 3 fatty acids, in order to prevent depression.  Such sources of vitamin B-12 include fish, meat, poultry and eggs.  Foods that contain a good source of folate are all types of beans, spinach, avocado, and eggs.  Good sources of Omega 3 fatty acids are found in fish oil and flax seeds.  Salmon is a great source of vitamin D, as well as fortified cereals. 

In terms of foods that may contribute to or exacerbate depression, research has shown that diets high in sugar and refined carbohydrates can negatively affect our mood.  It makes perfect sense: sugar floods our systems with an excess amount of glucose rather than the steady stream that our brains rely on, causing the body to struggle and use valuable nutrients (like vitamin B) to take the glucose up and convert it into energy.  In contrast, complex carbohydrates help our bodies to release serotonin.  Needless to say, the commonality in all of the available research is that what we put in our mouths has the potential to affect our mood. 

Specific Carbohydrate Diet (“SCD”)

According to Elaine Gottschal, author of “Breaking the Vicious Cycle”, the main principle of the SCD is that an overgrowth or imbalance in our microbial intestinal flora may contribute to various diseases, including Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Celiac Disease.  By changing the nutrients we consume, we can bring the intestinal flora back into balance, thereby improving digestion and absorption.  Carbohydrates largely affect the type and number of intestinal flora.  When carbohydrates are not fully digested and absorbed, they remain in our gut and essentially feed the microbes we host through a process called fermentation, which then leads to an overgrowth of bacteria.  Some of the byproducts of fermentation include methane, lactic acid and toxins, all of which inhibit digestion and absorption of micro and macronutrients (which interestingly may lead to a vitamin B-12 and folic acid deficiency and impair development of the microvilli), as well as irritate and damage our gut.  Digestion and absorption are further inhibited by the bacteria in the small intestine destroying the surface enzymes and the fermentation process damaging the mucosal layer, thus provoking the small intestine to produce an abnormally thick barrier of protective mucus.

The SCD relies on selected monosaccharide carbohydrates that require a minimal digestive process and that leave nothing to be digested by microbes, preventing an overgrowth of bacteria in the intestine.  As the microbial population decreases due to their lack of food, so do the harmful byproducts, thus improving digestion and absorption.  Properly fermented and homemade yoghurt is encouraged in order to repopulate and rebalance the gut with healthy intestinal flora.  Complex carbohydrates and the starches in all grains, corn and potatoes are to be strictly avoided.  Dried beans, lentils and split peas are added to the diet after three months; however, they must be soaked for 10-12 hours prior to cooking and the water discarded.  In sum, the diet’s foundation is in the food that early man ate before agriculture began, namely: meat, fish, eggs, vegetables, nuts, and low-sugar fruits.  Some natural cheeses are also allowed.

Veganism

Theprinciples of veganism, an extension of vegetarianism, are grounded in living a cruelty-free lifestyle.  Vegans avoid animal products including dairy and eggs, and many also avoid further, leather, wool, down, and cosmetics or chemical products that have been tested on animals.  An individual following a vegan diet is likely to consume vegetable-based proteins such as tofu or tempeh, as well as nuts, seeds, legumes, and of course fruits and vegetables. 

Established in 1944, veganism traces back to ancient Indian and Mediterranean societies.  Over the years, veganism has gained significant popularity among societies, both in its ethical support for animals and the environment, and as well for the health effects.  It is now common to see vegan options on restaurant menus, and there are many companies making convenient (and processed) vegan foods.  In January 2005, author and Professor T. Colin Campbell and his son and physician, Thomas M. Campbell, published a book called “The China Study”.  The book examines the relationship between consumption of animal products (including dairy) and chronic illnesses and concludes that those who eat a whole-foods, plant-based, vegan diet and who also reduce their intake of processed foods and refined carbohydrates, will escape or reverse such illnesses including coronary heart disease and cancer. 

Besides the popular argument and criticism that vegans are likely to be deficient in protein given that they do not eat animal products, another argument suggests that vegans may be deficient in the essential nutrient, vitamin B-12.  Interestingly, “The China Study” recommends taking a small vitamin B-12 supplement on occasion, particularly if you have not eaten animal products in over three years.  Similarly, it suggests a vitamin D supplement during the winter months if sun exposure is not possible.  It is worth noting, however, that there are mixed opinions about whether or not supplementation is in fact necessary.

Analysis & Recommendation

Given that we rely largely on our diets to provide us with the necessary micro and macronutrients, the argument that our diet plays an important role in the connection between nutrition and mental health is quite persuasive.  Not to mention, a healthy diet will help to optimize the chemical processes in the body of individuals taking medication to treat the depression, as well as potentially help with side effects. 
Based on the information outlined above, and given that I think the argument that the health of our gut contributes to depression is compelling, I would recommend the SCD as a stronger choice for someone who is suffering from depression.  There are strong arguments that support the idea that consumption of refined sugars and carbohydrates affect our mood and therefore contribute to depression.  The benefits of the SCD diet are that it encourages consumption of carbohydrates that help to balance the flora in the intestines, as well as discourages the growth of unfriendly bacteria.  As the gut becomes more balanced, digestion and absorption improves, greatening the body’s ability to benefit from vitamins such as B-12, folate, vitamin D and Omega 3 fatty acids.  Because the diet prohibits refined carbohydrates, there is also no chance for our brains to experience the negative effects that these foods have on our moods.  The only drawback I see to this diet is that it is heavily restrictive and may be difficult to maintain long term. 

While there is little evidence that suggests that vitamin B-12 and folate will reduce the symptoms of depression, there is evidence that not getting enough of these vitamins in your diet can lead to depression.  If I were to support this argument (I’m not saying that I do), and agree that vegans may suffer deficiencies in these vitamins, it seems like a weaker choice for someone who is predisposed to depression, or has suffered with depression in the past.  More than vitamin deficiencies, I think the bigger issue is that unless you are specifically following a whole foods vegan diet, you are not restricted from eating sugar or refined carbohydrates, making you susceptible to the mood peaks and valleys that glucose creates.

Conclusion

Over time, we've evolved from eating what is available off the land, to agricultural diets and convenient and processed foods.  Whether we are consuming animal products or not, it seems that a contributing culprit to mood disorders is the sugar found in refined carbohydrates.  A good choice would be to return to the way we ate before the time of convenience, focusing on whole foods and avoiding the processed ones, until we bring our bodies back into balance and begin to digest and absorb nutrients in a more beneficial way.  At that point, we might ease up on the restrictions, yet continue to make better choices of foods to put in to our “second brain”.

If you're interested in the SCD, I've included a three-day meal plan at the end, inspired by an amazing blog called Gluten Free, SCD and Veggie (thanks for the tip, Di!)  You can find the recipes for the menus in the meal plan on the blog.

stay happy,
xo

Day
Meal
Menu/Ingredients
1
Pre-breakfast
Warm water and organic lemon, weak tea or coffee
Breakfast
Homemade fermented yoghurt “parfait” (raspberries, unsweetened coconut, pumpkin seeds)
Snack
apple cardamom muffins (almond flour, eggs, honey)
Lunch
onion soup (onions, carrots, celery, garlic, olive oil), garnished with parsley, grain free rosemary garlic roll (almond flour, rosemary, garlic, olive oil, honey, salt and pepper)
Dinner
winter vegetable casserole (butternut squash, carrots, leek, celery, black beans, onion) garnished with fresh spinach and flaked organic almonds, piece of fresh halibut
2
Pre-breakfast
Warm water and organic lemon, weak tea or coffee
Breakfast
Toasted fruit and nut bread with almond butter (almond flour, dried berries, walnuts, sunflower and pumpkin seeds, eggs), small cup of fermented yoghurt
Snack
apple cardamom muffins
Lunch
Mixed bean salad (black beans, kidney beans, navy beans, red chili, red pepper) garnished with cilantro and lemon and olive oil dressing
Dinner
Zucchini “pasta” (green and yellow zucchini, shallots, sundried tomatoes, garlic, basil) piece of fresh wild salmon
Dessert
Ginger and lemon tart (gluten free ginger snaps, coconut oil, cashews, honey, almond milk, lemons)
3
Pre-breakfast
Warm water and organic lemon, weak tea or coffee
Breakfast
poached egg, avocado mash, on grain free rosemary garlic roll
Snack
Toasted fruit and nut bread with almond butter
Lunch
walnut lentil burger lettuce wraps, (walnuts, onion, lentils, cumin, cilantro, garlic) with fermented yoghurt raita (grated carrot, sliced cucumber, red onion, tomato, fresh mint, paprika)
Dinner
fresh, organic, free-range, hormone-free chicken breast, zucchini and pea salad (green zucchini, fresh peas, olive oil, chili pepper, salt and pepper)